荣新江 北京大学
Rong, Xinjiang, Peking University
原文Original
俄罗斯国家图书馆藏孔琪庭所获汉籍管窥
孔琪庭是清代来华的俄国来华外交官康士坦丁·安·斯卡奇科夫（K．I．Skachkov，1821－1883）的汉名，译自他的名字“康士坦丁”，清代文献也译作“孔气”，颇不雅观，本文采用另一译法“孔琪庭”。
孔琪庭在大学时受过天文学和农学的训练，他在北京负责俄罗斯馆内的观象台，定期向俄国天文台报告观测记录，同时，他多次往京郊地区，了解农业、染布业、砖瓦业情况，调查人口、风俗资料。1857年孔琪庭短暂回俄，随即在1859年（咸丰九年）被任命为俄国驻新疆塔城领事，至1862年（同治元年）为止。1866年，孔琪庭应邀到彼得堡大学东方系讲授汉语，用《红楼梦》和《金瓶梅》作为范本。1867年（同治六年）再度来华，出任天津领事。1870年起任总领事，至1879年（光绪五年）卸任回国。在华期间，他收集了大量汉籍。
孔琪庭收集的汉籍，现在收藏在莫斯科的俄罗斯国家图书馆（State Library）内，其中的抄本收藏在图书馆的手稿部，位于图书馆的主楼内；而刻本书则收藏在东方图书馆中心（Oriental Centre），这个具有一定独立性的部门是1962年建立的，位于与国家图书馆主楼有一街之隔的一栋漂亮的贵族住宅改建的图书馆内。孔琪庭的汉籍收藏是国家图书馆汉籍收藏的基础，迄今仍然是该馆重要的收藏之一。
孔琪庭三次来华，在此期间除从事外交事务、气象观测、实地考察之外，还大力收集汉文抄本和刻本书籍，在北京时，据说有一位满清皇室成员帮他的忙，所以收集到不少汉籍秘本、手抄孤本和罕见的刻本书。有些新疆的帐册、档案、地图则可能是他任新疆塔城领事时收集的。
本文尝试全面整理孔琪庭收藏汉籍的目录并分析其收藏来源，然后通过这些藏品尝试分析其思想脉络。
译文Translation
An Analysis on the Chinese Classical Manuscripts Collected by Kong Qiting in Russian State Library
Kong Qiting (K. I. Skachkov, 1821-1883), a Russian diplomat in Qing Dynasty, was also called “Kong Qi” in some documents of Qing Dynasty. Since Kong Qi is not very polite or elegant in Chinese, this essay adopts the other translation of his name, “Kong Qiting”.
Kong Qiting received his training in astronomy and agriculture when he was in college. When he was sent to China as a diplomat, he was in charge of the observatory in Russian Embassy, regularly reporting his observation records to Russian National Astronomical Observatory. In the meanwhile, he travelled to the suburb of Beijing to collect information about Agriculture, Cloth Dying, Brick Making, Population and Custom. Kong went back to Russia in 1875, and 1979-1862 he was assigned as the Consul in Xinjiang. He was invited to teach Chinese at Oriental Department of St. Petersburg University. He used two Chinese novels as his teaching materials, Dream in Red Mansions and The Plum in Golden Vase. Kong came back to China in 1867 to serve as the Consul in Tianjing. In 1870 he became the Consul General and went back to Russia in 1879. He collected many Chinese classical manuscripts when he was serving in China.
The Chinese classical manuscripts Kong Qiting collected are now preserved in Russian State Library in Moscow. The copies of the original manuscripts are kept in Oriental Center, which is an independent institution established in 1962. Kong’s collection is the foundation of the collection of Chinese classical manuscripts in Russian State Library, and till today it is the most important collection.
When Kong Qiting was in China, he served as a scientist, a diplomat and also a collector of Chinese manuscripts and block-printed books. It is said that one royal family member helped him collect these copies and books when he was in Beijing. It is for this reason he could collect many secret versions, hand-written copies and rare block–printed versions. Some account books, records, maps of Xinjiang might be collected when he served as the Consul at Xinjiang.
This essay tries to provide some analyses on the Chinese classical manuscripts Kong Qiting has collected, tracing the sources he got these copies and trying to reflect on the ideas and beliefs Kong might have followed while he was collecting these documents.