白罗米 罗马尼亚布加勒斯特大学
Balan, Luminita, Bucharest University
原文Original
中国的礼文化与其对典籍翻译的影响
本文包括以下几部分：翻译与文化背景；翻译典籍的几个特色；礼是中国文化的标志；礼教思想与罗文翻译的难点。
本文想谈到文化，背景知识与翻译的关系。众所周知，礼是中国文化的标志。作为典籍的翻译者要找办法通过翻译把这种文化的特色强调出来。
翻译问题不单单是个语言问题，在很大程度上它与文化因素，背景知识有着重大关系，受着它们的影响和制约。
翻译是不同文化之间的桥梁，没有它文化间便无法互相了解。在此过程当中，翻译者起很重要的作用，他不了解语言当中的文化，也无法真正地把握语言。吕叔湘先生说翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。作为典籍的翻译者情况更难了，因为他不但要把原文翻译得很好，而且要通过翻译把完全新的概念移植到自己的文化里。可见，积累掌握文化知识，了解文化背景知识，很认真地把概念转移到自己的文化里对翻译者是十分重要而必要的任务，它对保证译文的质量，促使翻译者忠实，准确地再现原作的思想内容和精神风貌等助益匪浅。
典籍的翻译者身份是很特殊的，他不是普通的翻译者，而是一种文化使者，因为他要推广中国的文化价值，使读者了解中国文化的精神及了解中国文化为什么在世界上是独一无二的。
翻译典籍时，翻译者要想达到较高的标准必须查找参考。这不是只查一查专业词汇或词典之类，而要查找和参阅专门的著作，从中求得某些难问题的正确解释，作为思考的依据。查找参考是一项艰苦而细致的工作。这种工作经验和方法是典籍翻译者必备的条件之一。
罗马尼亚的典籍译文（如《论语》，《荀子》，《孟子》 等）都列入不同出版社的《学说经典》丛书。作为罗马尼亚首次出版的完整的译注本，它们包括翻译者的长篇前言，还有译本说明，正文和难字表，人名和地名索引等。正文部分首先按照原文，然后对有关人物，背景和重要词语做出解释，并且对不同的译本进行比较。
中国文化的根本特征是“礼”，这在典籍上，尤其是在儒家的经典上，表现得很清楚。儒家思想内涵非常丰富，它的系统里有很多概念（像礼，仁，义，分等）内涵很多。可以说在这种情况下翻译应该是灵活的，要涉及到很多层次。本文想谈到几个翻译概念的具体情况。
译文Translation
Chinese Rite Culture and its Influence on the Translation of the Chinese Classicss
This paper includes the following parts: translation and cultural background; features of translation of Chinese classics; rite as the symbol of Chinese culture; difficulties in understanding rite culture and translating this culture into the Romanian language.
The paper discusses the relationship between culture, background knowledge and translation. It is well-known that rite is the symbol of Chinese culture and it is the job of the translator to emphasize this cultural feature as s/he translates.
Translation, therefore, is not merely a language matter, but has important connections with cultural elements and background knowledge, influenced and restricted by the latter two.
Translation is the bridge connecting different cultures, through which cultures may understand each other, and in this process, the translator plays a very important role. If the translator does not understand the culture embodied in the language, s/he cannot truly master the language. Mr. Lv Shuxiang said that a translator must be a master of all matters, which means that the translator has to be truly knowledgeable. For the translator of Chinese classics, the task is even more challenging because s/he not only translates the texts but also transplants brand-new concepts into his or her native culture. Therefore, it is really important and necessary for the translator to learn about the culture of the target language, which helps him/her greatly to understand the text and translate the original message.
The identity of the translator of the Chinese classics is very special. S/he is not just a translator, but a cultural ambassador, because his/her mission is to promote Chinese culture and help readers understand the spirit of Chinese culture and why Chinese culture is unique in the world.
It is necessary for the translator to find references when s/he translates the Chinese classics, if s/he wants to achieve a higher level. The references are not limited to terminologies or dictionaries only, but special works in the field, so that s/he may find correct explanations to some difficult questions, and have a solid foundation for his or her thinking and translating. Finding references is hard and detail-oriented, but is required of the translator of the Chinese classics.
The Romanian translations of Chinese classics (such as Analects, Xun Zi, Mencius, etc.) have been listed among the classics by different publishers. As the first complete annotated translations published in Romania, they include preface by the translator, explanation of the translation, text, difficult words, index of names and places. The text refers to the original text first, then explains certain characters, background and important phrases, and compares different translations.
The most fundamental symbol of Chinese culture is ‘rite’, which is shown clearly in the Chinese classics, especially those by Confucianists. The thoughts of the Confucian school are very rich, which include rite, kindness, righteousness, portion, etc. Under this circumstance the translation should be flexible, and may relate to many levels. This paper discusses some specific cases in translating these concepts.