刘国忠 清华大学
Liu, Guozhong, Tsinghua University
原文Original
清华简《保训》与周文王事商
2008年7月，清华大学入藏了一批战国竹简，受到学术界的普遍关注。清华简中有一篇被整理者命名为《保训》，其照片及释文业已经公布。《保训》一共11支简，除了第二支简有部分残失尚未找到外，其他部分均完好无损。《保训》的内容系周文王临终前对其儿子发（即后来的周武王）所留下的遗嘱，风格与《尚书》的《顾命》篇相似，也与《逸周书》中的不少篇有相通之处，价值十分重大。本文尝试以《保训》简的发现为契机，重新探讨周文王时期的商周关系。
周人原为商的西部诸侯，在太王古公亶父时，国力开始强大，到季历时得到很大的发展。与此同时，周人与商人之间的矛盾也开始增加，出于猜疑，商王文丁采取了诛杀季历的行动，使周人的发展遭受了严重的挫折，在困难面前，周文王审时度势，表面上顺服于商，以换取商王的信任；另一方面周文王又采取各种措施发展实力，最终确立了对商的优势地位。周文王虽未灭商，但实际上已经完成了灭商的各种准备，到周武王灭商，整个过程实际上只是一个水到渠成的结果。因此，周人代商并非是“不得已”的结果，而是周人通过长期努力才最终实现的目标。
后人对于周文王的盛德有许多称赞之处，确实，周文王的统治对于周人的发展壮大至关重要，但是周文王的成功并不仅仅在于积极揽士纳贤，推行德政，同时也与他实施正确的对商策略有密切的关系。从清华简《保训》及其他文献材料中，我们可以对周文王采取的各种措施有了更多的感悟，如周文王自己暗中称王，离间商王与其大臣的关系，积极从事灭商活动，等等。至于后代周文王至仁形象的确立，可能更多地是由于周公制礼作乐，对周人历史进行整理和修饰的结果。
译文Translation
The ‘Baoxun’ Bamboo Slips of Tsinghua University and the Reverence of Zhou Wenwang for the Shang
In July of 2008 the Tsinghua University received a number of bamboo slips from the Warring States Period, and the academic world paid great attention to these slips. One text inscribed on these slips is entitled ‘Baoxun’, it has been edited; the photos and the interpretation of the text are published already. The ‘Baoxun’ is made up of 11 slips, of which only the second slip is somewhat fragmentary, the others are well preserved. The contents of the ‘Baoxun’ are a testament which the king Zhou Wenwang in his last days wrote for his son (the later Zhou Wuwang). The style is close to the ‘Guming’ chapter of the Shangshu, and it has many parallels to some chapters of the Yizhoushu. The value of this document is great. The present paper wants to use the ‘Baoxun’ slips as an occasion to explain the relationship between the Zhou and the Shang at the time of the Zhou Wenwang.
The Zhou people were originally the western dukes of the Shang dynasty, and at the time of the Taiwang Gugong Danfu, they emerged as a strong nation. At the time of Jili they developed well, but at the same time the conflict between the Zhou and the Shang was aggravated, and because of suspicion the King Wending of the Shang killed Jili which severely curbed the development of the Zhou people. The Zhou Wenwang considered these circumstances and on the outside showed subservience to the Shang in order to obtain their trust. At the same time Zhou Wenwang tried to develop the real power of the Zhou by all kinds of means, and finally he could establish an advantageous position for the Zhou over against the Shang. The Zhou Wenwang did not decide to annihilate the Shang Dynasty, but in fact he made all kinds of preparations for the extermination of the Shang, and the overthrow of the Shang by Zhou Wuwang was just the result of a very consequent process. Therefore the substitution of the Shang through the Zhou was not an “unavoidable” outcome, but it was the intention of the Zhou which they realized finally after a long time of strenuous efforts.
The posterity often praised the great virtue of the Zhou Wenwang. Certainly, the rule of Zhou Wenwang was important for the development of the Zhou people, but his success was not only that he attracted and appointed capable people or that he pursued a policy of virtue, because at the same time he also kept to a correct policy towards the Shang. The ‘Baoxun’ of the Tsinghua University and other documents provide us with a better understanding of the measurements which the Zhou Wenwang took, for example the Zhou Wenwang secretly proclaimed himself king in order to alienate his officials from the king of Shang. He also actively promoted activities for the destruction of the Shang, etc. As to the establishment of a very benevolent image of the Zhou Wenwang in later ages, this is probably due more to Zhou Gong who established the rites (li) and the music (yue), and he readjusted the history of the Zhou by beautifying certain aspects.