鲍玉珩 美国北卡罗莱纳农工州立大学，哈尔滨工业大学
Bao, Yuheng, North Carolina A&T State University; Harbin Institute of Technology
原文Original
East-West Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Road in the Pre-Han Period
During the Qin (221-206 B.C.) and Han (206.B.C. –A.D. 221) dynasties, China was the source of the fabled silk from which the overland trade routes are named as well as the military might behind the pax sinica that made them feasible. Northern and central China had earlier been a united land, but area was divided into smaller political areas in the Warring States period (475-221 B.C.). This era of political advances in military technology and desire for courtly display inspired the development of regional styles in the arts.
After the civil war that followed the death of Qin Shihuang in 210 B.C., China was reunited under the rule of the Han dynasty. Then during the rule of the emperor Wudi (141-87. B.C.), the West-East cultural exchange became more important on the Silk Road. Recently, more and more archaeological discoveries have been made along the Silk Road. More and more remains of classic texts, bronze, jade and lacquer vessels , musical instruments, paintings on silk, and suits made of jade have been unearthed, as well as innumerable ceramic models, etc.
All these archaeological advances have utterly transformed the study of Chinese art and culture. Now more and more scholars believe that even before the Han Dynasty, the cultural exchanges had already started on the Silk Road. For example, the East Han was extensively interconnected with the world beyond its borders. Chinese dominance in Central Asia was reasserted in the years 73-94.
Trade, less rigorously controlled than in the first part of the dynasty, flourished with caravans reaching Luoyang every month. There was also an expansion of diplomacy and in 94 fifty envoys from Central Asia are recorded, and also Japanese envoys visited in 57 and 107. A direct link to Rome in 166 is suggested by the reported arrival of an emissary from Antun (the emperor Marcus Aurelius) bringing ivory, rhinoceros horns, and tortoiseshells.
All these materials indicate the early cultural exchanges on the Silk Road. This paper attempts to insist on the comprehensive, multi-dimensional and multi-level research of these early cultural exchanges, and to recognize the historical contribution and significance to West-East cultural exchanges.
译文Translation
早期丝绸之路上的东西方文化交流：前汉阶段
秦汉时期中国是丝绸产地，横跨大陆的贸易路线由此命名。中华帝国的军事力量保证了贸易之路的畅通。中国北部与中部地区较早统一，但是在战国时期分裂为更小的诸侯国。在这个时代中，军事技术所带来的政治发展以及展示威荣的欲望促使各个地区发展各自的艺术风格。
公元前210年秦始皇驾崩后发生了内战，之后汉朝再次统一了中国。汉武帝统治期间，丝绸之路在东西方文化交流中愈显重要。最近，沿着丝绸之路有了越来越多的考古发现。越来越多的古书残本、青铜器、玉器、漆器、乐器、丝绸画和金缕玉衣都已出土，还出土了不计其数的陶模等等。
所有这些考古进展已经完全转变了中国艺术和文化的研究。如今越来越多的学者相信甚至在汉代之前，丝绸之路上的文化交流就已经开始。比如，东汉就与其边境之外的世界有着广泛的接触。在73年至94年间，中国在中亚的主导地位再次得以确立。
相比东汉初期，这时的贸易控制已经放宽，商贸交往繁荣，每个月都有旅行商队抵达洛阳。外交也得到扩展，在94年有关于50位来自中亚的使者的记载。日本使者也于57年和107年来访。文献记载，166年马可·奥勒留大帝派遣特使来访并带来象牙、犀角和龟甲，这是表明中国与罗马有直接接触。
所有这些材料都呈现了丝绸之路上的早期文化交流。本论文试图对早期文化交流进行综合的、多领域、多层次的研究，以确认中国丝绸之路对东西文化交流的历史贡献和意义。