钮 骠 中国戏曲学院
Niu, Biao, The National Academy of Chinese Theatre Arts
原文Original
谈中国传统戏剧文化内外传播的独特方式——口传心授
作为中国传统戏剧文化中的一个重要组成部分的中国戏曲艺术，已为世界人民所公认，它是人类口头与非物质文化遗产的代表作，将它的艺术形式向海外传播，属于中国戏曲的外部传播形式；将它的艺术精华传给一代又一代的后学者，属于中国戏曲的内部传播，这二者都是中国戏曲学人义不容辞的神圣任务。
中国戏曲艺术作为一门综合性的整体舞台艺术，之所以能绵延千年，主要依仗的是“口传心授”的传承方式，是通过“活人”用“口头”和“肢体”为载体，传——从师辈处继承，承——教给子弟，代代相因，在这个过程中创造发展，融入新鲜的血液。简单地通过文本传递、阅读，不能完成中国戏曲艺术的传承。事实上，在各门类的艺术教育领域，如器乐、声乐、舞蹈、美术等，都存在并且必不可少“口传心授”这样的教学过程，惟其如此，才能保证各门类的艺术精华在信息尽可能完整的情况下，得到保存和传留。即便是把中国戏曲艺术推向海外，假如不仅仅是去海外展演，还要向海外对戏曲有兴趣的人们传授艺术，仍然需要用“口传心授”的教学方法，尽管这时“口传”的语言可能是多样的。总之，这一独特的方式是值得深入探讨的，本文拟对这一众说纷纭的课题，加以阐述介绍，提出见解，展开研讨。
译文Translation
Unique Methods for Spreading Traditional Chinese Opera both ‘Inside’ and ‘Outside’: Oral Transmission and Acceptance of the Heart
Being an integral part of traditional operatic culture, the Chinese art of opera singing has already been recognized worldwide as a representation of one of the great oral traditions and spiritual heritages of mankind. The spread of this specific art form to overseas countries is the ‘outside’ form of spreading Chinese opera. Transmitting the heart of this art from one generation of scholars to the next involves the spreading of Chinese opera to the ‘inside’. These two tasks constitute a sacred duty of all those who study Chinese opera.
Chinese opera is an art form which combines a range of performance arts. One of the reasons why it has been able to be preserved for a thousand years is due to the form of transmission that takes place, namely the “oral transmission and acceptance of the heart” (kou chuan xin shou). This is based on living people using both their oral expressions and their body as a means of teaching. This starts from the generation of older teachers and is passed on from one generation of students to another, and it is as part of this process that there is creative development and the influx of new ideas. If transmission was simply text or reading based then one would lose the essence of the proper transmission of the art of the Chinese opera. All areas of teaching the arts e.g. instrumental music, singing, dancing, fine arts etc are dependent on the “oral transmission and acceptance of the heart” as a way of necessary teaching method. Only in this way can the preservation and spread the heart of this art form and the preservation of all information related to it be ensured. Even by sharing the art of Chinese opera abroad, simply going overseas to perform operas will not be enough. We also need to actively teach the art to those interested parties abroad thus ensuring that we still use the teaching method “oral transmission and acceptance of the heart”, even when the languages of the “oral transmission” prove to be quite diverse. In summary, this special method of teaching deserves more in-depth study. This paper attempts to introduce and to analyze the issue and the various standpoints. I will present my own understanding and give an overview of my current research in this field.