鲁惟一 英国剑桥大学
Loewe, Michael, University of Cambridge
原文Original
Dong Zhongshu (董仲舒) and ‘Confucianism’
Following doubts first expressed in Song times, most scholars probably agree that only certain pian (篇) of the Chunqiu Fanlu (春秋繁露) derived from Dong Zhongshu’s own ideas, which are represented more accurately in other writings, principally in the Han Shu. Close study leads to the supposition that the credit given to Dong Zhongshu as an exponent of ‘Han Confucianism’ has been over emphasised. With no high place in official life and being sent away from Chang’an for long, he had little chance to influence the decisions of imperial government. Steps taken to improve the recruitment of officials probably owed more to Gongsun Hong (公孙弘) than to Dong Zhongshu. His way of interpreting natural disasters was not followed by others, except for Liu Xiang (刘向). Against his plea to suppress ideas other than those of the Liu Yi (六艺) and Kongzi (孔子), we know that the chen (谶) and wei (纬)writings were circulated at the orders of Guangwudi (光武帝) and that they attracted scholarly attention in Eastern Han. It is difficult to show that Dong Zhongshu enjoyed a high reputation in his own time or for some centuries after his death.
On the positive side, he cited Kongzi with greater frequency than others and his promotion of the Gongyang (公羊) tradition may well have been effective, as is seen in the authentic chapters of the Chunqiu Fanlu. But there is little to support the view that a systematic type of thought such as is implied in the term ‘Confucianism’ existed in Western Han times or that it was formed or led by Dong Zhongshu.
译文Translation
董仲舒与“儒学”
关于《春秋繁露》是否出自董仲舒之手的质疑首先见于宋代。此后，大部分学者可能均同意这一观点，即《春秋繁露》中只有少数几篇出自董仲舒之手。而且，董仲舒的那些观点在其它文献中，特别是在《汉书》中，有更为清晰的论述。仔细研究会导致这样的假设：将董仲舒称为“汉代儒学大师”可能是夸大其词了。由于官职并不高，且被派到长安以外地区很长时间，董仲舒影响皇室决策的机会其实很小。推行官员录用制度改革的人可能是公孙弘而不是董仲舒。至于董仲舒解释自然灾害的方式，除了刘向以外无人认同。我们知道，尽管他力主罢黜百家，独尊儒术，但光武帝诏令之后，“谶纬”之学四下流传并为东汉学者所追捧。总之，很难证明董仲舒在他的时代或其后几个世纪有很大名声和影响力。
从积极方面来看，如《春秋繁露》中比较可靠的几篇文字所显示的，董仲舒对孔子的引述远远多于其他人，而且他也很有效地推进了公羊学传统。不过，我们还是很难证明，“儒学”这个术语所表明的思想体系在西汉时期就已经存在，也很难证明这一思想体系是在董仲舒的引导下形成的。