叶舒宪 中国社会科学院
Ye, Shuxian, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
原文Original
玉教为中国的国教：儒道思想的神话根源
问题：中国文化的根源和主干是怎样的？现代学者之间的争议主要围绕着儒家主干说和道家（道教）主干说，相持不下。20世纪末期的考古学大发现已经给出足以颠覆旧的中国文化发生观之条件，并提示出探寻中国文化源流的全新材料与思路——玉的宗教与神话。
相比之下，中国思想史上儒家和道家的发生仅有文献材料支持，时间跨度仅仅两千五百年而已。有关玉的宗教与神话信仰，则发生在六千至七千年前，有新时期时代后期的大量出土玉器为全新材料。参照文化人类学和新史学关于物的叙事理论，梳理先于文字叙事而出现的玉礼器的叙事传统及其演变，可以发现儒家和道教思想的共同渊源。充分理解在四千年前即文明发生期形成的贯通河西走廊地区的玉石之路，是重新进入昆仑美玉的远古信仰及神话观念的关键，也大大有助于探求儒家君子比德于玉的理想和道家食玉永生信念的发生根源。
根据考古学新材料提示的玉器时代的文化分布与演进，通过红山文化、凌家滩文化、良渚文化、齐家文化和陶寺文化的相互关联，还原出中国史前信仰的共同核心和主线，揭示作为中国最古老宗教和神话的玉教底蕴，其对华夏礼乐文化的奠基作用，探讨从《山海经》到《红楼梦》的中国文学想象世界之特色及文化原型，提出重新理解中国文化特质，重新进入华夏文明的研究范式。
译文Translation
Jade Worship as the State Religion of China: the Mythical Origin of Confucianism and Taoism
What are supposed to be the origin and dominant branches of the Chinese civilization? Modern scholars centered their discussion on either Buddhism or Taoism, thus holding quite different views on this issue. The great archaeological discoveries made in the 20th century have provided adequate evidence to overthrow the old views concerning the emergence of the Chinese civilization, and with entirely new literatures also presented diverse approaches to probe into the origins of the Chinese culture, one being the religion and myth of jade worship.
Comparably speaking, the time span was only 2,500 years apart for the appearance of literatures in support of the Buddhist and Taoist perspectives while the religion and mythical beliefs concerning jade could date back to as early as around 6,000 to 7,000 years ago, with a large number of jade objects unearthed in the late Neolithic period serving as new evidence. In light of the narrative theories concerning matters adopted by the cultural archeological and the Neo-historical schools, we could discover the shared origin of Buddhism and Taoism after examining the narrative tradition and evolution of jade sacrificial vessels, which was prior to the written narrative. A full understanding of the Jade Road established in the civilization emergence period approximately 4000 years ago which connected the regions around the Hexi Corridor is key to understanding the ancient beliefs and mythical concepts of the shining jades in the Kunlun Mountains. Meanwhile it also contributes greatly to the investigation into the Buddhist ideal of comparing virtues to jades and the Taoist idea of regarding jades as the symbol of eternity.
Based on the cultural distribution and evolution of the Jade Period revealed by new archeologist findings, and the correlation of such renowned archeologist spots as the Hongshan Culture in Inner Monglian Autonomous Region, the Lingjiatan Culture in Anhui Province, the Liangzhu Culture in Zhejiang Province, the Qijia Culture in Gansu Province and the Taoshi Culture in Shanxi Province, this paper intends to reveal the nature and the main stream of the prehistoric beliefs in China and bring to light the significance of jade worship as the oldest religion and myth in China as well as its foundational role in the culture of rite and music dominant in ancient China. Through the examination of the characteristics of the Chinese literary imagination from Shanhaijing, namely the Classic of Mountains and Rivers, to Dream of Red Chamber and hence its cultural archetype, the author puts forward a new research paradigm to reexamine the Chinese culture and civilization.