拉多萨夫·普西奇 塞尔维亚贝尔格莱德大学
Pusic, Radosav, University of Belgrade
原文Original
文化对发展孔子学院和汉语教学的作用
不同民族之间的文化对话可以加强两个民族的联系，但反过来也可能使两个民族越走越远。语言的差异、衣食住行等生活习俗和思维方式的不同，往往是造成人们对其他民族和文化产生偏见和成见的主要原因。孔子学院作为中华人民共和国在海外的文化教育中心，其成立的意图应是在一个多极化的、多样性的世界中起到加强中国人民与其他国家人民联系和理解的桥梁作用。
本文试图从笔者担任塞尔维亚贝尔格莱德孔子学院院长三年的工作经验出发，借鉴耶稣会试图拉近中国与西方世界关系的传教经验，并以两位思想家的理论为基础，阐明只有深刻了解体现这个民族所有思想和情感的文化内涵，才能真正掌握这个民族的语言。语言学家雅各布逊（R. Jakobson）认为，“语言是人类所有活动的中心，但它不应该是一个封闭和独立的系统，而是人类文化的总和。”哲学家维特根斯坦（L. Wittgenstein）认为，“想象一种语言，就意味着想象一种生活形式”。宣传中国文化不仅有助于各国人民全方位地了解中国，对汉语教学也具有决定性的重要意义。
利玛窦在中国的传教经验对我们今天来说很值得借鉴和深思。他当时试图在中国营造一个宣传基督精神、圣经教义和教会真谛的环境与条件，后来他领悟到必须从文化的深层意义上找到切入点，就如现任教皇本笃十六世曾说过的，“要像中国人对中国人那样”。对中国儒家传统思想的研究、诠注和理解则成了当时基督教教义在中国得以弘扬传播的关键。
文化在孔子学院发展过程中承担的角色是要实现不同文化间的对话和交流，即实现中国文化精神与当地文化环境的必要接触和碰撞。很多专家都认为，人类最重要的文化成果之一就是语言。语言，或通过语言，体现并包涵了一种文明的全部精神和物质内容。但是，我们必须意识到离开了不同文明的对话和交流，没有一种语言或文化能够独立存在下去，这是在一定时空中表现出的普遍需要。
译文Translation
The Function of Culture in Developing the Confucius Institute and the Teaching of Chinese Language
Cultural dialogues between two different nations can strengthen their relations. However, at the same time, they can make those two nations distant or alienated from one another. The differences in language, custom, mindset, food, clothes, etc. are the main causes that have made people of one nation to feel prejudice and bias towards other nations or cultures. The Confucius Institute, as the overseas cultural and educational center for the People’s Republic of China, is established with a clear vision to build a bridge between Chinese people and people in other countries in a pluralistic world so that contacts and mutual understanding between the nations may be strengthened.
Based on the three-year experience of being the Dean at Belgrade Confucius Institute in Serbia, this essay attempts to explore one principle in cultural communication: that only when one deeply understands and appreciates the cultural content which contains the nation’s thoughts and emotions, can one truly master the language of this nation. This principle is also based on the missionary experience of the Jesuits who wanted to draw the relationship between China and the western world closer. Besides, this principle is inspired by the theories of R. Jakobson and L. Wittgenstein. Jakobson said, “Language is the center of all human activities: however, it should not be a closed or isolated system. It should be a summation of human cultures.” Wittgenstein said, “To imagine one language means to imagine one kind of life style.” The promotion of Chinese culture can not only help people from various countries to understand China better, but also it plays an essential role in the teaching of Chinese language in other countries.
Matteo Ricci’s missionary experience in China deserves our attention and reflection even today. At the beginning, he attempted to create a favorable environment and condition for his propagation of the spirit of Christ, biblical doctrines and ecclesial truth. Later, he realized that he had to look for a breakthrough point at the deepest level of Chinese culture. As Pope Benedict XVI said, “We should treat the Chinese people as one Chinese to another Chinese.” To study, interpret and understand the Confucian traditional thoughts was the crucial point for the spread of Christianity in China at that time.
Culture plays an important role in the development of the Confucius Institute, and this role is to promote intercultural dialogues and exchanges. In other words, it is to encourage necessary contacts and collusions between the Chinese culture and the local culture. Many experts believe that language is one of the most important cultural achievements of human beings. Language embodies and contains the entire spiritual and physical contents of a civilization. However, we must realize that without dialogues and exchanges among different civilizations, no single language or culture could survive by itself. Dialogues and exchanges are the universal requirements in our world and time.