林丰民 北京大学
Lin, Fengmin, Peking University
原文Original
埃及的孔子学院与汉学研究
首先有汉语，然后才会有汉学研究。埃及的情况也是一样。1956年中埃建交，两年之后即1958年埃及的艾因·夏姆斯大学曾开办了汉语培训班。到1978年该大学语言学院正式建立了中文系，一直发展到今天近40名汉语教师、1000多名在学的学生。
艾大的汉学研究情况基本上一下三种：
一、教师为晋升职称评审而发表的论文。这部分论文由于埃及的职称评审制度的要求，都是用中文撰写并发表的。但是这些论文除了少数几篇是在中国的刊物上发表的以外，大多数是在艾大自己的刊物或其他刊物上用中文发表的。由于，技术条件的限制及其他原因，存在较多的错误。
二、硕士论文和博士论文。艾大自建系以来，培养了不少的研究生和博士生，有了不少的硕士论文和博士论文，但是这些论文基本上还停留在图书馆收藏的阶段，绝大多数没有发表面世。这些论文也都是中文撰写的，但附有阿拉伯文的摘要。
三、适应市场需要发表的论文和专著。近年来随着汉语热和中国热在埃及和阿拉伯世界的流行，无论是阿拉伯学者还是普通读者，都有着了解中国的强烈愿望。于是，用阿拉伯文撰写并发表的有关中国的文章和专著应运而生。如《金字塔报》前主编易卜拉欣·纳菲阿（Ibrahim Nafi）的《中国：二十世纪末的奇迹》（金字塔翻译出版中心，1999年），爱资哈尔大学中文系主任阿卜杜·阿齐兹的《中国的尝试》（乌姆·古拉出版社，1997年，开罗）。
四、来自中文和西文的译著。为了适应阿拉伯读者了解中国的需要，不仅在阿拉伯文化市场上出现了直接译自汉语的著作，也出现了译自英文和法文等西文有关中国的著作。如开罗大学中文系前系主任希夏姆·马里基翻译出版了《孙子兵法》（出版时更名为《战争艺术》），阿布杜·阿齐兹翻译出版了《中国思想发展史》和《20世纪中国文学》等。
以教学的规模来讲，艾大中文系足以傲视世界。但其汉学研究比起欧洲却还仍显稚嫩。迄今为止，论文和专著的数量还比较少，质量也有待提高。可喜的是，埃及的汉语教学迅速发展，新世纪以来，开罗大学、爱资哈尔大学、苏伊士运河大学等3所公立大学（全埃及共有17所公立大学）和1所私立大学（埃及科技大学）建立了中文系。还有明尼亚大学等筹备建立中文系。大学中文系的扩展意味着埃及汉学研究的基础在扩大。
除了中文系以外，自2004年以来，埃及建立了两所孔子学院——开罗大学孔子学院和苏伊士运河大学孔子学院，尽管暂时还没有汉学研究成果，但是孔子学院在培养着广泛的汉语文化受众。
译文Translation
Confucius Institutes and Sinology in Egypt
First there must be the Han-Chinese language, and then there can be sinological research. The situation of Egypt is no exception in this regard. In 1956 Egypt and China established diplomatic relations, and two years later, in 1958, the Ain Chames University opened a course for the study of Han-Chinese. In 1978 the Department of Linguistics of that university formally set up a Chinese Department, and this developed until today, now there are 40 professors of Han-Chinese, and more than 1000 students.
The situation of the sinological research of Ain Chames University can be described in the following three points:
First, the teachers are evaluated according to the papers they have published. According to the demands of the evaluation system of Egypt, these papers must all be written and published in Han-Chinese. But only a very tiny number of these papers and theses has been published in periodicals edited in China, the great majority has been published in the periodicals and publications of Ain Chames University. Because of technical and other reasons there are quite many mistakes in these papers.
Second, the M.A. and PhD. theses. Since the Ain Chames University has established the Chinese department, they have educated a good number of graduates and PhD students, and they have produced quite many master theses and PhD theses, but these studies have remained on the stage of just being kept in libraries, the great majority of them has never been published. These theses are all written in Han-Chinese, but they all have an abstract in Arabic language.
Third, theses and monographs published in response to the needs of the market. Following the “China fever” in Egypt and in the Arabic world in the last years, both Arabic speaking scholars and the general readership feel an ardent wish to understand China. Therefore there appeared many articles and books about China written in Arabic language, for example the book “China, the Miracle at the End of the 20th Century” (Pyramid publications, 1999) by Ibrahim Nafi, the former editor in chief of the “Pyramid News”. Another example is the book “The Efforts of China” (Cairo, 1997) by the head of the Chinese Department of the Aizhar University, Abdu Azizh.
Fourth, translations from Chinese and from western languages. In order to meet the needs of Arabic readers who want to understand China, there appeared on the cultural market books that were translated directly from Chinese, and also other works dealing with China that had been translated from English or French or other western languages. For example the former head of the Chinese department of Kairo University, Sichame Marique, translated the “Sunzi Bingfa” (the publisher changed the title to “The Art of War”), and Abdu Azizh translated and published books like “A History of Chinese Thought” and “Chinese Literature of the 20th Century” etc.
Seen from the amount of students and teachers, the Chinese department of Ain Chames University is probably on top of the whole world, but the sinological research is rather rudimentary compared to Europe. Until this day the theses and monographs are not many, and their quality needs improvement. A reason for rejoicing is that the teaching of Han-Chinese is developing fast in Egypt. Since the year 2000 three public universities, namely the University of Cairo, the Aizhar University, the Suez Channel University (Egypt has 17 public universities), and one private university (Technology University of Egypt) have established Chinese departments. The Minia University and others are preparing to set up Chinese departments. The fact that new Chinese departments are established means that the basis of Chinese studies in Egypt is expanding.
Besides Chinese departments, Egypt has established two Confucius Institutes since the year 2004, the CI of Cairo University and the CI of Suez Channel University. Even if these institutes have so far not produced any sinological studies, but the Confucius Institutes prepare wider circles for the acceptance of the Han-Chinese culture.