伊里娜·波波娃 俄罗斯科学院
Popova, Irina, Russian Academy of Sciences
原文Original
Teaching of the Chinese Language in St Petersburg
Russian Sinology has a history of about three hundred years, and it is one of the most productive realms of Asian studies in my country. The need to learn the Chinese language and to study the Chinese culture was recognized in Russia at the end of 17 century. The first book on Chinese studies published in Russia was “Museum Sinicum” by Theophil Zigfrid Bayer (1694-1738). Besides the academic, fundamental trend in Chinese studies, there always existed a practical, applied approach. It was connected with the activities of the Russian Orthodox Mission, founded in Beijing in 1713. The best among the students of 1st and 2nd missions was Illarion Rossokhin (1717-1751), who actually started the teaching of the Chinese language in St. Petersburg and Russia and became the author of the first Russian manuals for the study of Chinese. At the same time the native Chinese Zhou Ge was teaching Chinese and Manchurian in Moscow Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Later on Alexey Leontyev, one of the students of Zhou Ge and a gifted researcher was sent to the Mission in Beijing, where he compiled a number of textbooks and practical dictionaries for the students.
In early 19 century the center of teaching the Chinese language in Russia moved to Siberia, Irkutsk and Kaykha, the cities on the Russian-Chinese border. The idea to open a regular School of the Chinese language in Kyakhta was suggested by Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin (1777-1853). In 1855 the Faculty of Oriental languages was founded in St. Petersburg University, and the first Head of the Chair of the Chinese and Manchurian languages, V. V. Vassilyev (1818-1900), the first Russian Buddhologist, contributed a lot for developing of the standards of the university teaching of the Chinese language in Russia. In the second part of 19 century the colloquial Chinese language in St Petersburg University was taught by a number of native Chinese.
The new period of the teaching Chinese and on Chinese in St. Petersburg (Leningrad) State University was connected with the school of V.M. Alekseev (1881-1951). The way of teaching Chinese in St. Petersburg University nowadays is still based on his principles and standards.
译文Translation
在圣彼得堡教汉语
俄罗斯的汉学研究已有大约三百年的历史，而且是俄罗斯亚洲研究中最富有研究成果的领域之一。早在十七世纪末，俄罗斯就意识到学习汉语和中国文化的重要性。在俄罗斯出版的第一本关于中国研究的著作是《中国博览》，作者为德国汉学家巴耶 （Theophilus Siegfried Bayer，1694-1738）。中国研究除了纯学术这一根本研究目标之外，还有实用和应用层面的研究。早期中国研究与1713年在北京成立的俄罗斯东正教传教团的活动有关。第一、第二代传教士最优秀的学生是伊拉利昂·罗索欣（Illarion Rossokhim，1717-1751），他最早开始在圣彼得堡以及俄罗斯教授汉语，还为俄国人撰写了第一本学习中文的手册。与此同时，中国人周戈也开始在莫斯科的斯拉夫希腊拉丁学院教授汉语和满语。后来，周戈的学生之一、优秀研究员阿列克谢·列昂季耶维奇（Alexey Leontyev）被派往北京传教，他在那里编纂了一些教科书和学生用词典。
19世纪初期，俄罗斯的汉语教授中心转移到西伯利亚、伊尔库茨克和Kaykha等中俄边境城市。尼基塔·雅科夫列维奇·比丘林（Nikita Yakovlevich Bichurin，1777-1853）建议在Kaykha开办一所常规汉语学校。1855年圣彼得堡大学成立东方语言系。汉语和满语教学负责人是瓦西里·巴甫洛维奇·瓦西里耶夫（V. V. Vassilyev），他是俄罗斯第一位佛教研究专家，为俄罗斯大学的汉语教育确立了一系列教学原则。至19世纪后半叶，一些中国人开始在圣彼得堡大学教授汉语口语。
圣彼得堡（列宁格勒）州立大学的汉语教学与研究标志着一个新的阶段。这一发展与瓦西里·米哈伊洛维奇·阿列克谢耶夫（V. M. Alekseev）学派有关。直到今日，圣彼得堡大学的汉语教学方法仍然基于他当初制定的原则和标准之上。