丁 帆 南京大学
Ding, Fan, Nanjing University
原文Original
80年代：文学思潮中启蒙与反启蒙的再思考
上个世纪80年代的文学思潮可与五四文学相提并论，且要以普世的人性价值观去解读。80年代文学思潮与当时的社会政治文化背景紧密相关，可被看作是同时期三大关键的社会政治事件的反映和回应。70年代末的真理标准大讨论，80年代中期的清除精神污染和反对资产阶级自由化运动和80年代末的政治风波塑造了80年代文学。
80年代文学肇始于艰难地重回五四启蒙主义的伤痕文学。伤痕文学及其代表人物呼吁重回人性、个性和人道主义的价值观。反思文学，在反思人性被阉割的社会原因和思想根源的基础之上，重新切入五四启蒙的文学通道。反思文学要求重建人性尊严，发扬个人价值，控诉一切专制、蒙昧、暴力和迷信。可惜这个反思过程被进入文学史的一般作家作品肤浅化、歧义化了，很快便被所谓的改革文学所同化和取代。
改革文学虽然呈现出传统封建性和现代性之间的张力，却决定性的回到了造神的怪圈中，回到了皇权意识阴影下寻找清官的封建情结中。改革文学使刚刚萌生的启蒙主义话语误入歧途。这也表明那个时代人性意识的觉醒始终是无根基的。期间，1981年的现代派之辩和1985年的伪现代派之辩显示出对普世人文价值和现代人性主张的巨大排斥。1984年则成为中国思想史和文学史上的转折点。清除精神污染和反对资产阶级自由化运动颠覆和挫败了80年代文学回归和重建五四启蒙主义的愿景。
除了部分转向廉价的改革文学以外，另外许多人也寻找新的出路。他们通过引介和模仿西方形式主义文学，对文学进行去政治化和工具化，采取文学实验主义态度，开始追求先锋文学。寻根文学是一次试图借鉴和模仿拉美文学运动的失败性尝试，以一场黑色幽默风格的闹剧的形式中断了中国现代化进程，拒斥了现代启蒙主义和人性诉求。极具讽刺意味的是，寻根文学似乎再次展现了鲁迅称之为国民性批判的图景。最后新写实主义小说和女性意识写作在这个不断变化的社会文化和思想场景中开创了新的领域。
简而言之，启蒙与反启蒙的主题是解读80年代文学思潮不可或缺的路径。
译文Translation
The Motif of Enlightenment and Anti-enlightenment: A Reconsideration of Literary Trends in the 1980s
Chinese literature in the 1980s should be read and understood in the light of universal humanistic values and as parallel to the May Fourth Movement Literature. The literature of the 1980s must be seen as a reflection on and a response to three contemporary critical socio-political events, i.e. the Great Debate on the Criterion of Truth at the end of the 1970s, Clearing Ideological Contamination and Countering Bourgeois Liberalism in the middle of the 1980s, and the Political Turmoil at the end of the 1980s.
Literary trends in the 1980s began with Scar Literature, which initiated a staggering return to the spirit of the May Fourth Enlightenment. The Scar Literature and its representative authors called for a return to the humanistic values of individualism. Reflection Literature, based upon a preliminary reflection of the social and intellectual roots of a castrated humanity, made an impression on May Fourth Enlightenment Literature and advocated a restoration of human dignity, an exaltation of human individuality and protested against structural authoritarianism, obscurantism, violence, and superstition. Being simplified and misunderstood, it was soon assimilated into and superseded by the so-called Reform Literature.
Reform Literature led the emerging Enlightenment discourse astray because many of its works, by presenting the paradox of traditionalism and modernity, decisively returned to the snare of idolatry, which is symbolized by the feudal pattern of finding a good official under the shadow of imperial authority. It demonstrated that the awakening of humanistic consciousness then was rootless. During this time, the two debates concerning the Modernists (1981) and Pseudo-Modernists (1985) revealed the strong antagonism which was felt against modern humanistic values. The year of 1984 saw a turning point in intellectual and literary history. The movement of Clearing Ideological Contamination & Countering Bourgeois Liberalism subverted and paralyzed the return and renewal of May Fourth Enlightenment. It had a deep effect on the emerging literary trends and forced many people to pursue new ways of writing literature works.
Besides those who turn to cheap Reform Literature, many others escaped into the Avant-garde Literature in a compromised and retrograde manner by introducing and imitating western Formalism, playing experimentalist and instrumentalist games and depoliticizing their works. The Root-finding Literature, as a failed attempt to imitate the Latin-American literary movements Magic Realism, acted as a reaction to the modern enlightenment project in a tone of black humor. Ironically, it returned to offer what Lu Xun called the National Spirit Criticism. Lastly, the New Realism Novel and Feminist Writing have provided new breakthroughs in the changing socio-cultural and literary milieu.
In a word, it must be noted that the motifs of Enlightenment and Anti-Enlightenment are inevitable trajectories to understand the literary trends in China in the 1980s.