卡萨齐 意大利那不勒斯东方大学
莎丽达 法国格勒诺布尔第三大学
Casacchia, Giorgio, Instituto Universitario Orientale
Gianninoto, Mariarosaria, Stendhal University, Grenoble
原文Original
十八、十九世纪西汉字典编辑简史
大清王朝统治时期，中国语言学研究的主要特点分为两个方面。一方面，中国本土的语言学研究得到了繁荣的发展，并达到了它在文化传统上的顶峰地位；而另一方面，与其并行的西方汉学研究，也同样取得了显著的成就。实际上，西方汉学在词典、语法以及教科书等方面都有了全新并且独特的突破，并趋于成熟，这也归功于在汉学研究中引入的西方研究方法。
在清王朝初期，一些宗教团体，如方济各会，尤其是耶稣会，采取了通过介绍西方文化来进行传教的策略，并且获得了成功。
在这段时期，最早在此方面做出贡献的是利玛窦（Matteo Ricci）和他的会友们，另外，其他的教友们，如瓦罗（Francisco Varo）、卫匡国（Martino Martini）以及叶尊孝（Basilio Brollo），亦贡献颇多。
因此，这段时期的语言研究分为中国和西方两个方面。两方面互不相同、相互并行且均具有彻底的创新性。另外，这两种研究方式之间也是完全互相独立的。只有到了清朝末期，随着文人阶层的没落，西方的研究方式才占据了上风，但同时它也吸收并大量采用了来自于中国本土的研究成果。
之后，在十九世纪期间，耶稣会开始衰落，越来越多的盎格鲁―美利坚势力出现在中国。因此，一方面，源自新教背景的语言学研究开始发展，如马礼逊（Morrison）及其华英词典的起源；另一方面，来自于世俗背景并具有实用性目的的教科书、词典也得到了大量的发展，以满足西方外交界、军事界和商业界的需求。
在清朝时期，第三个重大的革新便是在欧洲汉学的产生。语言学领域，以马若瑟（Joseph de Prémare），嘎伯冷兹（von der Gabelentz），儒莲（Stanislas Julien）作为代表人物，在法国、德国、英国以及意大利，亦相继开设了中文课程。
当时西方的词典特点是有着极其丰富的内容，在词条索引方面越来越复杂，篇幅大小多样，从大型词典直到袖珍型词典均有出现（后者被视为一项十九世纪后期的发明）。
当时的词典分为两个种类：一种是双语词典，偏向于中国古典文字，译成拉丁文和法文，另一种是反映当时汉语的词典，多译成英文和法文。另外一个创新则是科技词汇的出现，在有些时候被收录在附录之中，有时则作为词条的一部分存在于词典里，另外一些情况下，则出现在专题词典中。
除了基于官话的词典，还出现了一些方言词典，其中涵括了大量的方言，特别是南方方言，即与西方世界接触最频繁的地区的方言。
译文Translation
Western Lexicography on Chinese in the 18th and 19th Centuries: An Historic Outline
During the time of the Qing Dynasty, there were two areas in which the study of the Han-Chinese language was pursued. On the one hand the native Chinese linguistic studies showed a good development and even reached a climax in the history of the Chinese culture. At the same time western sinologists also made great achievements. Actually western sinologists worked hard to effect a new and unique breakthrough in the edition of dictionaries, grammars and textbooks for Han-Chinese, and their efforts reached a certain level of maturity. This achievement was due to the introduction of western research methods into the field of sinological studies.
At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty some religious societies, like the Franciscans and especially the Jesuits, used the mission strategy of introducing western culture and were quite successful. During that period those who made important contributions in the beginning were Matteo Ricci and his confreres and later on those known for outstanding achievements were Francisco Varo, Martino Martini, and Basilio Brollo.
Therefore, we can divide the language research of that time into two parts, Chinese and western. Both sides were different, they developed parallel to each other and were very innovative. Besides that, both ways of research were totally independent from each other. Only at the end of the Qing Dynasty, when the decline of the class of the literati became an obvious fact, the western study method occupied a dominant position, but it also absorbed and used a big amount of study results coming from the native Chinese research tradition.
During the 19th century the Jesuit order started to decline, and the Anglo-Saxon influence became ever more visible in China. Therefore the language studies based on a Protestant background started to develop in China, for example the studies of Morrison and his Chinese-English Dictionary. On the other hand, dictionaries and textbooks coming from a secular background and serving practical purposes were developed in a big way, as they tried to meet the needs of diplomatic, military and commercial circles.
During the Qing Dynasty occurred a third major change, namely the emergence of sinology in Europe. The area of linguistic studies was represented by people like Premare, Gabelentz, and Julien, and in France, Germany, England and Italy courses in Chinese language were offered.
The western dictionaries of that time had the characteristic feature of containing a great variety of contents, and the indexes of the words became ever more complicated. There were many different big and small dictionaries, big encyclopedias and pocket dictionaries (the latter is supposed to be an invention of the late 19th century).
These dictionaries can be divided into two kinds: one type were bilingual dictionaries which usually translated classical Chinese expressions into Latin and French; the other type were dictionaries reflecting contemporary Chinese dictionaries, mostly translating the expressions into English or French. Another innovation was the emergence of a technological vocabulary, and these technical terms were sometimes enlisted in the appendix. Sometimes they appeared in the proper text as a separate entry, and in other cases these terms were published separately as a specific dictionary.
Besides dictionaries based on Mandarin Chinese there appeared some dialect dictionaries which preserved many dialect expressions, especially from the southern Chinese dialects, because these southern regions had the most frequent contact with the western world.