张勇先 中国人民大学
Zhang, Yongxian, Renmin University of China
原文Original
汉语方言“南腔北调”原由的若干因素分析
在全世界六千多种语言中，汉语和英语是目前流行最广的重要语言。无论是拼音文字还是表意文字，一种语言在其传播过程中，在不同的区域发生语音变化是自然的和必然的。从历时和共时两个方面来看，较为典型的例证就是发生在英国“文艺复兴”时期的“元音巨变”和英语在美国、澳大利亚、印度以及亚太地区的变体形式。秦始皇统一中国后，汉字的书写虽得到了统一，但是“语同音”的问题始终没有得到解决，方言之间的巨大差异一直是不同区域的人们在进行交流时无法逾越的障碍。毫无疑问，北方的贾思勰和南方的陶渊明在口头交流方面一定存在很多障碍；分析南方的《关雎》和北方的《敕勒歌》便可看出中国大陆南北方言的语音特点和差异。
从古至今，汉语的方言有着很大的差别，在语音层面，北方方言和南方方言甚至可以被认为是不同的语言。本文旨在讨论汉语之所以出现众多方言的地理气候原因、心理生理原因和政治经济原因，其中包括饮食结构、气候环境、心态变化、观念转变、政治倾向、经济发展和外来语介入等因素。
在实地调查、多视角观察和综合分析对比的基础上，本文认为，虽然人的口腔构造相同，但由于上述六种因素的制约和影响，久而久之，在不同区域，人们说话的音高、音速、音域、声调和腔调等便形成了巨大的差异。
中国社会的经济发展促使大量人口流动，而人口的流动又造成了不同方言的融合。可以预见，汉语的方言差别将会缩小，而普通话在更大范围内传播的同时，受诸多因素的影响，其本身也必将发生潜移默化的、不以人的意志为转移的自然变化。语言的发展是在变化中完成的,语言的发展就意味着语言的变化。
译文Translation
Analysis of the Factors That Have Shaped the Sound Change in Chinese Dialects
Chinese and English are the two most important languages in the world of the 6,604 languages that have ever existed in human history. In its spread to a wider geographical region, any one language will naturally and inevitably undergo subtle or dramatic sound changes, whether it be an alphabetical language or pictographic language. From both synchronic and diachronic point of view, the “Great Vowel Shift” which occurred during and after the “Renaissance” in Britain, and the varieties of Englishes that have existed in the USA, Australia and India are two classic examples. Written Chinese was standardized after unification of the country under the rule of the First Emperor of Qin Dynasty. However, the diversified ways in voicing the Chinese language have never been standardized. And the vast differences in dialect articulation have always been an insurmountable barrier in communication between people of different geographical regions. There is no denying that Laozi and Confucius must have had different accents when they spoke, and Jia Sixie in the north and Tao Yuanming in the south must have had tremendous problems in understanding each other’s spoken language. By analyzing each syllabic sound of “Guanju” (a product of the south) and “Chi-le-ge” (a product of the north), one can see clearly the vast difference in pronunciation between the northerners and southerners in China.
From ancient times to the present day, there have remained great differences among the various regional dialects in China. This paper discusses the geographical and climatic reasons, biological and psychological reasons, and the political and economic reasons for the appearance and existence of the various dialects in Chinese. This paper points out that it is the factors such as diet, climate, mentality, environment, attitude change, political affiliation, as well as the degree of foreign language influence that have precipitated the sound change in Chinese dialects. These factors are the fundamental determiners for the shaping of the status quo of the various dialects in China.
With on-the-ground investigation and multi-perspective observation plus debate and discussion with specialists and amateurs, based on comparative analysis and synthesis, this paper argues that it is the six above-mentioned factors that have determined and influenced our accents. It is because of these factors that we talk differently although our articulation organs have the same formation. It is because of these factors that people in different regions have formed and adopted distinctive ways in articulation, though this adoption and acquisition proves to be a long process. Based on this conclusion, the article further argues that, the pitch, the speed, the tone and the manner of production of vocal sound in general are all shaped and influenced by the above-mentioned five factors.
Recent years’ economic success has accelerated the speed of population flow at a large scale, which has, in turn, caused absorption, adaptation and adjustment in verbal communication among people who speak different dialects. It should be recognized that, with the wide dissemination of Hanyu Pinyin and the dramatic social changes, the numerous differences of the various dialects are beginning to diminish. In the meantime, Putonghua (mandarin), under the influence of various factors, whether we like it or not, will also undergo subtle and inevitable changes in the way we speak. The perfection of a language means the change of the language itself, and the development of a language can only be accomplished in keeping up with the times.