关于现代化与中国

代田智明
东京大学

什么是现代化? 现代化的含义非常复杂，而且因人而异。很多人根据欧美先进发达的社会基础来判断，其中有人主张现代化是按照工业化经济数字来决定的，还有人主张要按照法制、社会制度、民主自由的程度来决定。这些看法都是把欧美国家的发展历史看作某些发展中国家地区也应该经过的道路。我认为这些看法有一些西欧中心主义的倾向。

还有一个观点认为现代化并不是要到达的既定目标，而是永远继续的运动。因此世界各国还在争先恐后地进行现代化运动。在全球化的现状下，这种看法也许有一些道理，不过这里还是有先进/落后的二元思考模式。现代化本来是全球化的运动，与一个国家地区内的生活水平、产业化、社会制度并不完全一致。没有产业落后的地方，就没有现代化的运动，也没有先进发达的地方。我们应该运用世界系统的方法来分析现代化。16、17世纪以后，现代化出现了种种面貌，进而改变了包括亚洲地区在内的各个社会。

但是在人文科学方面，现代化有一种普遍性因素，即人的内心出现一个实体性焦点（内面）。现代化的压力让每个人在内心勉强改造为与时代相应的心态。在此我要论及最近在日本中国学界发生的小小风波:即“文革”是否含有“现代性”因素的讨论。在本文中我要讨论中国共产党的知识分子政策是否给中国思想内部施加了“现代化”的影响。

On Modernization and China

Tomoharu Shirota
Tokyo University

What is modernization? There are many different meanings attached to modernization, and different people may give different definitions. Many people define it according to the social foundations of European or American modern societies. Among these there are some who gauge modernization by economical figures of industrialization while others use the standards of the rule of law, the social system, or the degree of democracy. All these approaches see the historical development of Europe and America as the one road on which all developing countries should also progress. These theories tend towards a certain Eurocentrism.

According to another view, modernization is not a fixed standard, but it is a continually, ongoing development. Thus all the countries in the world are still fighting for a good place in the process of modernization. In the context of globalization, this view is perhaps reasonable, but there is still the false dichotomy of “advanced” vs. “backwards” countries.  This will result in judging the development of one country based on the development of another country. Actually, modernization is a global movement, which should not be limited to the living standards, productivity or social system of a single country or region. If there were no regions that were considered to have a “backwards” industrial system, then there would be no global modernization movement, nor would there be any “advanced” regions. We need to understand the system of the whole world in order to properly analyze modernization. Since the 16^th and 17^th century, various aspects of modernization have emerged which have, in turn, also influenced the various societies of Asia.

In the humanities, however, modernization is a kind of universal element, namely an essential central point – emerging from within the human mind. The pressure of modernization demands that all people forcefully transform their inner mindset to develop an attitude that can respond to our times. Here, I want to discuss a minor movement within the circles of China studies in Japan, namely the question about whether the “Cultural Revolution” had elements of “modernity”. In my paper, I will discuss whether the policy of the Communist Party towards intellectuals had any elements of “modernization” that influenced the Chinese mindset.