普遍主义、特殊主义和民族主义：在当代世界的当代中国涵义

时殷弘
中国人民大学

普遍主义和特殊主义是两类彼此相左或相对的世界观和思想方式。要达到较自觉、较系统的特殊主义，就须挣脱长久以来对“普遍最高存在”的迷信，同时生成历史主义意识，强调事物个性、新鲜经验和创新实践。现当代中国思想史上的最大创新差不多可以说是一种最好形态的特殊主义，它出自毛泽东，继而由邓小平创造性地予以继承；它的根本要义在于，各国人民的未来主要取决于各国人民根据本国具体情势的自主实践，谁也不能代替或主导各国人民自己确定本国的主要问题和解决问题的道路。与此相关，就中国的现今和未来而言，作为真正的强国须有必不可少的“精神独立”。同样与此相关，当代中国爱国主义或民族主义有其政府的形态和大致非政府的形态：前者的主要特征总的来说是前瞻、镇定、耐心和高度尊重中国特性，后者则包含对外部世界常有的简单或过分粗鲁的态度，加上对据称软弱的中国政府相关政策的常有指责。如何合理地引导公众和公众舆论是个复杂的问题，在当今和未来的中国不可忽视。

Universalism, Particularism and Nationalism: The Connotation of Contemporary Chinese in the Current World

SHI, Yinhong
Renmin University of China

Universalism and particularism are two opposite or relative world views and ways of thinking. To achieve the particularism to a more self-conscious and systematic extent, it is a necessity to overcome the conventional superstition towards “Universally Supreme Being”, and attach great importance to specific characters, fresh experience and innovative practices. It can be concluded that the prime innovation in the history of modern and contemporary Chinese thought is a kind of particularism approaching to the perfect pattern, which was initiated by Mao Zedong, and was creatively carried forward by Deng Xiaoping. Its essential meaning is that the future of people from each country mainly depends on the independent practice of the people according to the specific situations in different countries, in other words, no one can play in dominant part or substitute the leading role of people from each country in deciding the major issues and the course of resolution. Meanwhile, for present and future China, it is indispensable to remain “Spiritual Independence” as a genuine colossus. Also related to the “Spiritual Independence”，the patriotism or nationalism in contemporary China have its governmental form and non-governmental shape, the former is primarily featured by perspectiveness, calm, patience and the highly respect of Chinese characteristics, while the latter contains the constant simply or too rude attitudes toward the external world, and the  frequent criticisms to the so-called weak policies of Chinese government. It is rather complicated to rationally lead the masses and the public opinions, which is of great significance in contemporary and future China.